These limpets were preyed upon at the second encounter 67% of the time. Half of the limpets observed fleeing downward away from a starfish, a movement elicited by a downward attack, received a second attack.
toreuma was related to the upward orientation of the limpets' heads when they are in a resting position. The upward directional flight displayed by C. The amount of time predators spent foraging increased in the low intertidal zone relative to the mid and high zones, and most predator attacks were observed during the limpets' resting periods (submersion in late afternoon or nighttime). The patellid limpet Cellana toreuma showed mantle folding behaviour or fled for an average distance of 8 cm vertically upwards in response to the whelk and for an average distance of 21 cm vertically upwards in response to the starfish. After a whelk moved far away, limpets returned to their homes. Both behaviours were successful for avoiding predation. The pulmonate homing limpet Siphonaria sirius responded by fleeing from its home in response to the whelk Thais clavigera and by calmping tightly to its home scar in response to the starfish Coscinasterias acutispina. The focus of the observations was a simple isolated rock, 0.9 m 2 in area with an inclination of 75°.
Between November 1982 and August 1984 diving observations of two intertidal limpets' defensive behaviours in response to two predatory species were made near the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory of Kyoto University, in Wakayama Prefecture, Japan, for over 800 h.
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